Penggunaan Senjata Biologi Berdasarkan Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Mustika Dewi, Adelia Muqomimatim (2025) Penggunaan Senjata Biologi Berdasarkan Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Undergraduate thesis, Universitas 17 Augustus 1945 Surabaya.

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Abstract

Senjata biologis merupakan senjata pemusnah massal yang menggunakan mikroorganisme patogen atau toksin untuk menyebabkan penyakit dan kematian. Penggunaan senjata biologis menimbulkan ancaman serius terhadap keamanan global karena sifatnya yang tidak dapat dikendalikan, menyebar secara luas, dan menimbulkan penderitaan massal. Penelitian ini menganalisis penggunaan senjata biologi dalam perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) dengan fokus pada pelanggaran prinsip-prinsip dasar HHI dan mekanisme pertanggungjawaban hukum internasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan nasional dan instrumen hukum internasional, bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur dan jurnal ilmiah, serta bahan hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan senjata biologi secara fundamental melanggar prinsip-prinsip dasar HHI. Pertama, melanggar prinsip distinction karena agen biologis tidak dapat diarahkan hanya pada kombatan dan cenderung menyebar ke populasi sipil. Kedua, melanggar prinsip proportionality karena kerusakan yang ditimbulkan selalu melampaui keuntungan militer. Ketiga, melanggar prinsip unnecessary suffering dan superfluous injury karena menimbulkan penderitaan berkepanjangan. Keempat, melanggar prinsip precaution dan humanity karena penyebarannya tidak dapat diprediksi dan dikendalikan. Pelanggaran ini menjadikan senjata biologis dilarang berdasarkan Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 1972, Protokol Jenewa 1925, dan norma kebiasaan internasional yang berlaku universal. Pertanggungjawaban hukum internasional bersifat multilapis mencakup pertanggungjawaban negara berdasarkan Articles on State Responsibility (ASR), pertanggungjawaban pidana individu melalui International Criminal Court (ICC) dengan tuduhan kejahatan perang, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, atau genosida, serta pertanggungjawaban aktor non-negara melalui penuntutan pidana dan prinsip due diligence negara. Mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa mencakup jalur diplomatik, yudisial internasional, dan pidana dengan prinsip non-impunity yang menegaskan bahwa pelaku tidak boleh lolos dari pertanggungjawaban.

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