Keabsahan Smart Contract Sebagai Bentuk Perjanjian Transaksi Aset Digital Cryptocurrency. (The Validity of Smart Contracts as a Form of Cryptocurrency Digital Asset Transaction Agreement).

Pratama, Wisnu Aji (2025) Keabsahan Smart Contract Sebagai Bentuk Perjanjian Transaksi Aset Digital Cryptocurrency. (The Validity of Smart Contracts as a Form of Cryptocurrency Digital Asset Transaction Agreement). Undergraduate thesis, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya.

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Abstract

This research aims to analyze the legal construction and validity of smart contracts as agreements for cryptocurrency digital asset transactions viewed from Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and international legal instruments. Amidst the rapid adoption of blockchain technology in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era, legal uncertainty arises regarding the fulfillment of valid contract requirements within deterministic code automation mechanisms. Using normative legal research with statutory and comparative approaches, this study examines the harmonization between the Civil Code, the ITE Law, the P2SK Law, and international principles such as UNCITRAL and the European Law Institute (ELI). The results indicate that smart contracts possess legal legitimacy as "Electronic Agents" whose actions are attributed to legal subjects. Viewed from Article 1320 of the Civil Code, objective requirements are absolutely fulfilled as crypto assets are now legally recognized as Digital Financial Assets under OJK supervision via POJK No. 27 of 2024, shifting from a mere commodity status. However, the fulfillment of subjective requirements shows disparity: the "agreement" requirement is achieved through digital affirmative action, while the "capacity" requirement is only guaranteed in centralized ecosystems Centralized Exchange (CEX) through imperative Know Your Customer (KYC) mechanisms. Conversely, transactions in Decentralized Exchange (DEX) relying on non-custodial wallets carry the risk of being voidable due to the absence of identity verification. Comparatively, Indonesian law aligns with global standards but lacks norms for interpreting code conflicts. Therefore, this research recommends adopting the international principle of "off-chain prevails over on-chain" to resolve divergences between program code and contract text, as well as the necessity for Decentralized Identity (DID) regulations to close legal gaps in anonymous transactions.

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